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- WORLD, Page 32SRI LANKAGoodbye -- and Good Riddance
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- As India's troops pull out, the nation seems relieved. But now
- the Sinhalese and the Tamils must keep their own peace
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- When Indian peacekeeping forces arrived in Sri Lanka nearly
- three years ago to try to end a brutal civil war, exultant
- crowds greeted them with flowers and handshakes. But when the
- last batch of 2,000 soldiers trooped onto a waiting ship at the
- eastern port of Trincomalee last week, completing a six-month
- withdrawal of 70,000 men, not a single civilian showed up to
- bid them goodbye. If the locals had anything to say to the
- "peace-keepers," whose presence brought not peace but one of
- the bloodiest chapters in Sri Lanka's already violent history,
- it was more like good riddance. Said A. Sivalingam, a retired
- senior government official in Trincomalee: "We don't know what
- the future will bring, but we are glad the Indians have gone."
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- The final exit of the Indian forces has defused one of Sri
- Lanka's most combustible issues. But the pullout also created
- a power vacuum in the island's north and east that was quickly
- filled by the militants the Indians had been fighting, the
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, who have yet to renounce
- their goal of a separate state for the country's minority
- Tamils. For now, the separatists and the central government in
- Colombo are working in concert for peace, but their alliance is
- anything but stable.
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- Meanwhile, Indian military leaders were pondering why things
- had gone so wrong in their rough equivalent of America's
- debacle in Vietnam. Invited into Sri Lanka by then President
- J.R. Jayewardene, the Indian army's original mission was to
- collect arms from Tamil militants, who had been trained and
- equipped by India in the first place. In exchange, Jayewardene
- promised that the 2 million Tamils, who have suffered
- discrimination at the hands of the majority Sinhalese (11.8
- million), would be given more autonomy over a newly created
- Northeastern province, where they predominate. But when the
- Tigers refused to give up the fight, the Indians became
- embroiled in a guerrilla war that left 6,000 civilians, 1,200
- Indian soldiers and 800 Tiger fighters dead. "It was none of
- our business to send in our army, and when we did, we were so
- ignorant of the realities on the ground," lamented an Indian
- major general last week. Pointing to a copy of historian
- Barbara Tuchman's book on misguided military adventures, The
- March of Folly -- from Troy to Vietnam, he said, "We can add
- Sri Lanka to that."
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- India's presence in Sri Lanka's northeast inadvertently
- brought even greater misery to the country's south. There, the
- extremist People's Liberation Front (J.V.P.), a Sinhalese
- chauvinist group, protested the foreign intervention with a
- barrage of murders and strikes that created near anarchy. The
- government replied by dispatching death squads to assassinate
- suspected J.V.P. cadres. The retaliation campaign worked --
- since late last year the J.V.P. has been virtually inactive --
- but at great cost. In all, some 17,000 people died in the
- attacks and counterattacks.
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- Pressured by Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa, who
- succeeded Jayewardene in 1989, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
- agreed last year to withdraw Indian troops. The departure was
- hastened by Gandhi's ouster in elections last November. His
- successor, V.P. Singh, takes a less muscular approach to
- foreign policy. Said a senior aide to Singh: "We are glad to
- get out. We were not wanted there."
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- With the foreigners gone, Premadasa's government and the
- Tigers are stripped of the shared mission that brought them
- together last summer. What's more, the future is mined with
- potential conflicts. Colombo, for example, wants the Tigers to
- disarm before elections are held later this year for the
- Northeastern Provincial Council. Because they have both
- systematically demolished rival Tamil groups and gained
- credibility for fighting the Indians, the Tigers are almost
- certain to win the balloting. But they are loath to surrender
- their weapons for fear of being attacked by government troops.
- In addition, it remains to be seen how long an organization
- that has waged a war for secession can get along with a central
- government that objects to it.
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- One development that has improved the odds for peace is
- Colombo's acceptance that it must genuinely redress
- discrimination against the Tamils. "The President is absolutely
- committed to devolving power to the minorities," says Education
- Minister A.C.S. Hameed. Premadasa's administration is, among
- other things, drafting legislation that will ensure all ethnic
- groups a proportionate share of government appointments and
- promotions.
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- The current spirit of conciliation, however fragile it may
- be, has made many Sri Lankans philosophical about their
- country's unhappy experience with Indian troops. "It was the
- great hubris that put everybody in their place," says Radhika
- Coomaraswamy, a Sri Lankan political scientist. "India realized
- the limitations of hegemonistic ambitions, the Tigers realized
- the limitations of armed conflict, and the Sri Lankan
- government realized the danger of keeping its society divided."
- Now the challenge is to make sure those lessons are not
- forgotten.
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- By Lisa Beyer. Reported by Anita Pratap/Trincomalee.
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